1. TABULA CORTONENSIS
  (FOUND IN 1992, Cortona)

Сторона A	Сторона B

Сторона A	Сторона B

Сторона A	Сторона B

Иллюстрации взяты с
http://www.comune.firenze.it/soggetti/sat/tabula/,
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Crete/4060/cortuna.html

The sections and texts of separate parts are cited according to: Luciano Agostiniani, Francesco Nicosia, Tabula Cortonensis. Studia Archaelogica 105. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2000. References to Pfiffig, A.J. : Die Etrmkische Sprache, 1969.

Section A.

Part 1:

Summary: several rites and/or donations are considered obligatory for Petru Scêvê and a group of people called respectively by a collective Cusu-θura-ś (for the form cf. paχaθ-ur "servants of the cult of Bacchus, bacchanti"; tamia-θur "service" from tamia-) to which a form laris-a[i]svla is joined.

et/θ...cên-u "Thus (=in this way) a [certain rite] with the use of (a sacrificial table? Etr. êliun, cf. Gk. ελεόν; Etr. Ergative- "Ablative" in —tś ) and (-c) wine (vina, vine?) and ... should be performed"

(similar constructions in {et/ θ>...+Verbal stem +-u} occur in the tablet of Capua). The following lines contain tênθ-ur "prescribed, predetermined rite". The word is repeated 3 times: 2 times in constructions with numerals, the third time in figura etymologica tênθ-ur-c. tênθ-a "and a prescribed (rite) has been determined" (see on tênθ-a-s "eingesetzt" Pfiffïg). In the last construction the word goes together with tiu(-)r "month(s), monthly": a rite is to be performed every month and according to a prescription?

The numerals in several sentences of this part are written phonetically:

tênθur śar "ten (śar) + N¹ (=prescribed rites?) "
tênθur sa " four (sa) + Ν¹ (=prescribed rites?)"
śran śar "ten (śar) + N² (śran - a measure of flat objects- Pfiffig)"
prinisera-(c) zal "two (zal) + N³ "

A logoraphic writing for a numeral siiii€ = x+4 (I+I+I+I)+y [=14,5???]; the preceding raśna may rerfer to "Etruscan (or popular? Pfiffig) (money, coins; the sign € is met on the

Etruscan coins only) the number of which has been designated logographically?

A locative phrase θui span-θi contains an adverb θui + span-θi " on/at the plain (?)", cf. Etruscan span-ti "flat, plain" (=Umbrian, an Etruscan borrowing from Umbrian??), a derivational model like clan-ti: clan.

trau-la-c from trau- "to pour"?

Part II

The name of the same person and the same collective are used after the deictic pronoun c-.

Part III

It is supposed that the first word nuθana-tur is connected to the verb пиθе used together with mal-e "they have seen" ; for the combination nuθe. male-c a tentative meaning "they have seen and approved" has been suggested. It seems possible that all the persons mentioned in the part are witnesses that can certify to the (sacred) act described in the text.

The following personal names are mentioned in a list that constitutes the essence of this part:

Part IV:

Different from the preceding part where only names of the adult males have been given and the female names appear only in their derivatives in the cognomina and metronomina, at the end of the part IV the phrase arntlei. pêtru-ś. puia designates "Arntlei, the wife (рuiа) of Petru", and also sons (clan "son"- clen-iar) are mentioned. The analytical construction with the verbal form ame "was, would be" may refer to the function of the females and sons who are not considered at the same level as 15 men named earlier. Besides (16) Arntlei and (17) Pêtru Scêvê the following 3 people are mentioned in this part; all of them have the third name referring to the group of Laris (in cases 18 and 20 with a preceding cognomen Cusu which reminds of the usage in the Part I:

 Part V:

cên ziχ ziχ-u-χe "this written text (lit. book) has been written"

cên - a variant of demonstrative pronominal forms cen/ ce(=?)hen (inscriptions of Perugia)

ziχ - "liber", "writing, book" (used in this part twice)

ziχ «to write»

ziχ-u "scribe, writer"

ziχ-uι-χe "has been written" (the form occurs several times in different small inscriptions of Cortona and in a similar context in the tablet of Perugia)

ziχ ziχ-u-χe - figura etymologica

sparza designates the "tablet" according to Magnani; sparzeš-tiš is an Ablative (-Ergative) "by (with) a tablet".

tux-ti means "house"(?) according to Magnani (better: "building"?)

At the end of this part the same person and the same group are mentioned as in the Part I.

Part VI

Some of the proper names are close to those mentioned above (severely damaged names that cannot be fully reconstructed are not included into the table):

number            nomen            second name   third name

zil-αθ meχ-l raśna-l "an official (secretary/leader) of the league of Etruscans (=the people?)

řasna occurs also in the first part of the text ( part I)

zil-αθ - a variant of zil-αθ

Section В.

 aule salini cusu-al [ ]

An end of a list giving the 3 names of a person (29).

Part VII:

zil-ci larθ-al cusu-ś titin-al laris-al-c salini-ś aule-sla
"during the (time of) the magistracy (zil-ci) of Lart(h) Cusu (son) of Titinei and of Laris Salini (son) of Aule"

cf. zil-ci vêlusi hulχniesi (in 2 texts of the tomb of the Scudi in Tarquinia)
zil-ci. Ceisiniesi ( bronze tablet of Tarquinia)

2 names in the Part VII repeat the names of the same persons (27-28 ) from the preceding part. A few new persons besides the 2 magistrates (30-31) are introduced:

celti nêitiśś. tarsminaśś "in the area of the lake Trasimeno" (there are variants of the name like Trasimenus, Trasumenm, Trasumennus, Tarsumenus. Ταρσσιμενα, Τρσυμεννα, Τρασυμενη λιμην)

2. CULTURAL MIGRATORY TERMS IN ETRUSCAN

1. Etr. ziχ- «write», ziχ- «writing, book (=Lat. liber)», zic-ne "according to the written text corresponds to Georgian ciγ-ni and maybe to the ancient Egyptian sh8 "write"> Coptic ΣΡΑΙ (Černý Copt Et Dict. Pp. 172-173; Loprieno Anc Eg 1995, pp. 46, 89 (with a reconstruction of an older form; I am indebted to A.Loprieno for a useful discussion); cf. also possibly shf «to write down» (with a continuation in Coptic); a partly similar forms are found in NE Caucasian (Tsez caχw- «write», probably also Bezhtin Daχ-, see the dictionary of N Caucasian by Starostin-Nikolaev, p. 348, 356; cf. there on Avar and other Daghestan terms (as a furthe parallel Yenisseyan idig with a similar meaning might be added.

2. Etr. zilat = Hattic zilat

3. Etr. теχ "league"= a peculiar Eblaite term with the same meaning!

3. SELECTED DATA ON N CAUCASIAN CORRESPONDENCES

Brief survey of the history: W.Thomsen (the problem of the Plural -r), N.Marr, modern researchers

1. Etr. am-e «to be» :

Abkhazian am-(ara) « to be »:

Human mann- «to be»> man-g-a «no, ther is not» (= Sumerogram NU.GÁL) <mann-+ negat. suf. -g- + Jussive -a, Neu 1996, S. 258; Laroche Gloss. Hourr.1980, p.165, RS quadr. 130 II 7 ; 12: ma-nu-ku= NU «not» [I suppose that this Hur negation has been borrowed into Hittite of a late period  Hit. [UL] mаnqа ; on 2 examples of a non-negative use cf.   CHD, 3.2, p. 176; the texts were translated from Hurrian and the contexts are not clear ];:

Hurr. man- :Urart. man- «to be» < Hurr. - Urart. man-: Hinalug.- ma is used with class prefixes and in compounds: Lezgian. «to be» > ama- «to remain» (<*?ima Starostin-Nikolaev, p.210, the reconstruction of an initial is doubtful), Tabasaran. imi-dixuz, Agul. Burk. ame-xis, Rutul. ma-a , Archin. imm(a)- eχ:as (in Lezgin languages a defective verb used as an auxiliary form and in compounding), Starosti-Diakonoff 1986, S.21; Starostin-Nikolaev, p. 210: comparison of Lezg.-Hinalug with Hurr.-Urart man- (Abkhazian forms should be added)

2. Etr. cel- «earth»:

(I believe that in Etruscan an old velar has been preserved while in NE Caucas there is a trace of an ancient palatalization before a frontal vowel; as an altrernative one may think of a group {Hushing Affricate + Pharyngeal} >Etr. с ?):

Lezg. D:il, Tabasaran. and Agul. žil, Rutul. And Tsaxur. oil, Lak. š:allu «earth» (Starostin-Nikolaev, p. 342: NE Cauc *čHälu)

If one supposes that an Etr. initial consonant originally (at the time of prehistoric contact to Pre-latin) had been a dorsal (as NE Cauc affricates and spirants, then it becomes possible to compare it to Lat. tellus «earth». The link of this latin terni to Etruscan had been suggested as early as by M.Breal on the base of similarity of Lat. tellūmō and Etr. lucumō (Meillet- Ernout, p.679); in a (highly) hypothetical Proto-Etr.- Proto-NE Cauc source of the word one may reconstruct a final *-u- which might have been reflected in a prehistoric Latin borrowing.

3. Etr. рuiа- "wife": N Cauc and Hattic: Hattic zzuwa- "woman, wife"; Nakh *pstuw "woman, female"> Bacb. pstu; NW Cauc *pд-zV>Abkhaz. Aps. Etruscan lost the affricate/sibilant as in some other words cognate to N Caucas (Etr. avil : Hurrian śawali-"year": N Cauc *swerho "old, age">Nakh *šo> Chechen šo "year" Nikolaev-Starostin, pp. 968-969; the phonetic law has been discovered 20 years ago vy several scholars independently; cf. probably also Etr.pulum-χνα "stars"[= Phoen. hkkbm ], inanimat: Ubykh upcluek? )

4. Etr. clan "son" (animate g.): Hattic -kante (in a compound "the king's elder son= prince"), Chechen klant "son" (paccx'an klant "the king's elder son= prince")< *kwVnt'V (I class)

5. Etr. ci [ki] "3"= Human kig

4.REMARKS ON THE NORTHERN CAUCASIAN, HURRIAN, ETRUSCAN, HATTIC

A LARGER (_YENISSEYAN, SINO-TIBETAN+ Na-Dene?) macrofamily (Starostin)

Problematic connections: Basque, Burushaski, Sumerian?

Etruscan and Burushaski: Etr. zal "2": Burushaski al (Marr, 1) Iz poezdki k evropejskim jafetidam.-Jafeticheskij sbormik, III, s.24-25; 2) О chislitel'nyx (K postanovke geneticheskogo voprosa.- Jazykovednye prolemy po chislitel'nym I Leningrad, 1927, s.61-62)

The oldest sphere of these languages and their dispersal; genetic data (Cavalli-Sforza)